Summary

Triticale is cultivated around the world. In Europe, it is cultivated mainly in Poland. Soil requirements of triticale are smaller than of wheat or barley but bigger than of rye, so it can be effectively cultivated on the most fertile soils as well as on weaker soils which are a part of rye complex. Mode of tillage of winter triticale depends on the date of forecrop harvest, the condition of the soil after forecrop harvest and the technical equipment of the farm. After forecrops farmed early from the field (rape, pea, oats) it is vital to perform post-harvest cultivation, spread fertilizers, conduct pre-sowing cultivation and sowing. After late forecrops (potato, field beans), cultivation starts from cultivatoring or discing, after which ploughing is done. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be established on the basis of content of bioavailable forms of these components in soil, and it should depend on the soil complex and the expected yield of triticale crop. In case of medium soil bioavailability in these ingredients and high crop yield, these amounts should reach about 60-70 kg/ha P₂0₅ and 70-90kg/ha K₂O whereas for soils with low bioavailability of these ingredients fertilization should be even doubled. In soils with low bioavailability in nitrogen the doses in standard technologies amount to 90kg/ha while in intensive technologies they are 1/3 higher. Doses to 90kg N/ha are used in two stages, i.e. 40-60% in the stage of spring start vegetation and the rest in the stage of shooting. Bigger doses ought to be used in three phases, i.e. 40-50% in the phase of spring start vegetation, 30-35% in shooting and 20-25% in the phase of flag leaf until the beginning of heading.

Triticale crops in commercial cultivation yield from 3 to more than 6 t/ha in the EU. In Poland, the value of triticale production with an average 4.8 t/ha crop yield together with direct subsidies amounted to 657.90 €/ha. Moreover, the value of direct surplus was 149.13 €/ha. Energetic effectiveness of triticale production is low, and ranges from 1.9 to 3.2. Yet it should be noted that if both the main crop (grain) and the side-line crop (straw) are used, the energetic effectiveness of triticale cultivation can double.

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